Searching for the best espresso and coffee machine in 2026? The top pick for overall performance is the Breville BES870XL Barista Express, which combines convenience with professional-level espresso quality. For those seeking versatility, the Ninja Luxe Café Premier offers a 3-in-1 experience with cold brew and drip coffee. If you’re on a budget, the CHULUX Slim Espresso Machine provides good espresso in a compact form. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of each option and how they stack up based on your specific needs.
Get kitchen staples and gadgets delivered free — and shop member deals
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Access to Prime Big Deal Days deals on October 6–7
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The Breville BES870XL excels in control and build quality, making it ideal for home baristas.
- Versatile all-in-one machines like the Ninja Luxe Café deliver multiple brewing styles but may compromise on specialization.
- Budget options such as the CHULUX offer decent espresso but lack advanced features for fine-tuning.
- The inclusion of milk frothers varies widely, impacting convenience for milk-based drinks.
- Higher-priced models tend to offer better durability, more customization, and consistent results.
| Breville BES870XL Barista Express Espresso Machine, Brushed Stainless Steel |  | Best Overall Espresso Machine for Home Baristas | Capacity: 1/2 lb Bean Hopper | Water Tank: 67 oz | Power: 1600 Watts | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ninja Coffee Maker, 10-Cup Carafe, Fold-Away Frother, Black, CM401 |  | Best Versatile Coffee Maker for Various Brew Styles | Brew Styles: 4 (Classic, Rich, Over Ice, Specialty Brew) | Brew Sizes: 6 (Cup, XL Cup, Travel Mug, Multi-Serve Travel Mug, Half Carafe, Full Carafe) | Water Reservoir: 40 oz | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Cuisinart Coffee Center Barista Bar 4-in-1 Coffee Maker, Black |  | Best Flexible 4-in-1 Coffee System for All-in-One Brewing | Brewing Capacity: up to 12 cups | Single-Serve Sizes: 6 oz., 8 oz., 10 oz. | Compatible Capsules: Keurig K-Cup, Nespresso OriginalLine | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ninja Luxe Café Premier 3-in-1 Espresso Machine, Drip Coffee & Cold Brew |  | Best All-in-One Coffee Machine for Versatility and Ease | Water Reservoir Capacity: 70 oz | Grinder Settings: 25 | Brew Sizes: 6-18 oz | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Chefman Coffee Maker Espresso Machine Combo, 8-in-1 Coffee Station with Automatic Milk Frother |  | Best Multi-Function Coffee Station with Large Capacity | Water Tank Capacity: 3L | Wattage: 1600 watts | Output Pressure: 20 bar | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CHULUX Slim Espresso Machine with Milk Frother for Home Use |  | Best Compact Espresso Machine for Limited Spaces | Pump Pressure: 20 bar | Power: 1350 watts | Preheating Time: 30 seconds | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| De’Longhi All-in-One Espresso & Coffee Maker, 10-Cup Pot, Milk Frother |  | Best Versatile All-in-One Coffee System | Water Reservoir Capacity: 47 oz | Pressure Pump: 15 bar | Includes: Glass coffee pot, various filter baskets | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| AMZCHEF Espresso Machine with Grinder, Temp Control, 44 Grind Settings |  | Best for Precision and Versatility in Brewing | Coffee Maker Type: Espresso Machine | Operation Mode: Semi-Automatic | Wattage: 1500 watts | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Ninja Espresso & Coffee Maker, Nespresso Capsule Compatible, Black, CFN601 |  | Best Capsule Machine for Convenience and Variety | Pressure System: 19-bar | Brew Sizes: Espresso, Lungo, Iced, up to 12-cup | Capsule Capacity: 20 capsules | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Aromaster 1400W Espresso Machine with Milk Frother, Stainless Steel |  | Best Budget-Friendly Stainless Steel Espresso Machine | Power: 1400W | Capacity: 2.4 ounces | Dimensions: 13″D x 7″W x 14″H | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Breville BES870XL Barista Express Espresso Machine, Brushed Stainless Steel
The Breville BES870XL stands out for its integrated conical burr grinder and precise temperature control, making it a favorite for those who want café-quality espresso with minimal fuss. Unlike the Ninja Luxe Café Premier, which offers more brewing versatility, this model focuses on perfecting espresso and milk-based drinks with manual control, providing a more authentic barista experience. Its built-in grinder ensures fresh grounds, but setup can be daunting for beginners, and the price may be steep for casual users. The compact design suits small kitchens, yet the detailed operation might require some learning curve. Overall, this machine is ideal for serious home enthusiasts who prioritize quality and control over convenience.
Pros:- Built-in conical burr grinder for fresh grounds
- Precise digital temperature control (PID)
- Manual microfoam steam wand for latte art
Cons:- Complex setup may challenge beginners
- Price may be high for casual users
Best for: Home baristas who want to craft professional-level espresso and milk drinks regularly.
Not ideal for: Casual coffee drinkers seeking quick, push-button simplicity without a steep learning curve.
- Capacity:1/2 lb Bean Hopper
- Water Tank:67 oz
- Power:1600 Watts
- Voltage:120 Volts
- Included Accessories:Razor Dose Trimming Tool, 54mm Stainless Steel Portafilter, Filter Baskets, Coffee Scoop, Tamper, Milk Jug, Cleaning Disc, Tablets, Brush, Allen Key, Water Filter
- Warranty:1 Year Limited
Our verdict“This pick makes the most sense for dedicated home espresso enthusiasts willing to invest time and money for barista-quality results.”
Ninja Coffee Maker, 10-Cup Carafe, Fold-Away Frother, Black, CM401
The Ninja CM401 offers impressive versatility with four distinct brew styles, making it ideal for households with diverse coffee preferences. Compared to the Cuisinart Coffee Center Barista Bar, which provides more espresso options but less brew variety, this machine excels at delivering everything from rich, standard coffee to iced specialty drinks, thanks to its built-in fold-away frother and multiple brew sizes. While it lacks advanced smart features, its ease of use and dishwasher-safe parts appeal to busy users. However, the absence of app connectivity and manual frother cleaning may be drawbacks for tech-savvy or perfectionist users. This model suits those seeking a single machine to handle multiple coffee styles effortlessly.
Pros:- Versatile brew styles including Classic, Rich, Over Ice, and Specialty
- Built-in fold-away frother for milk drinks
- Multiple brew sizes for different needs
Cons:- No smartphone connectivity or advanced features
- Frother may require manual cleaning
Best for: Families or individuals who enjoy a wide range of coffee drinks without multiple appliances.
Not ideal for: Coffee enthusiasts looking for high-end espresso or advanced customization options.
- Brew Styles:4 (Classic, Rich, Over Ice, Specialty Brew)
- Brew Sizes:6 (Cup, XL Cup, Travel Mug, Multi-Serve Travel Mug, Half Carafe, Full Carafe)
- Water Reservoir:40 oz
- Capacity:10 cups
- Frother:Built-in, fold-away, removable
- Auto Shutoff:Yes
Our verdict“This machine is perfect for users wanting variety and convenience in one compact, easy-to-clean unit.”
Cuisinart Coffee Center Barista Bar 4-in-1 Coffee Maker, Black
The Cuisinart Coffee Center Barista Bar delivers a wide array of brewing options, from 12-cup carafes to single-serve espresso and frothed drinks, offering a one-stop solution for diverse coffee needs. Its programmable features and compatibility with multiple capsule types give it an edge over simpler machines like the Ninja Coffee Maker, but this versatility comes at the cost of a complex setup and potentially bulky size. Some users report occasional capsule issues, which can disrupt the experience. This machine makes the most sense for households that want a single appliance to handle everything from large batches to single cups, especially if they enjoy espresso as well as drip coffee.
Pros:- Versatile 4-in-1 brewing including drip, espresso, and capsule options
- Programmable with keep warm and brew strength controls
- Compatible with multiple capsule formats for convenience
Cons:- Complex setup due to multiple functions
- Bulky design may not fit small kitchens
- Occasional capsule compatibility issues
Best for: Coffee lovers who want a multi-functional machine capable of brewing everything from large pots to espresso drinks.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or users seeking straightforward operation with minimal setup and space.
- Brewing Capacity:up to 12 cups
- Single-Serve Sizes:6 oz., 8 oz., 10 oz.
- Compatible Capsules:Keurig K-Cup, Nespresso OriginalLine
- Features:Programmable, Keep Warm up to 4 hours, Brew Strength Control, Steam Wand
Our verdict“This is a strong choice for those who want a single, flexible machine for all their coffee and espresso needs, despite some complexity.”
Ninja Luxe Café Premier 3-in-1 Espresso Machine, Drip Coffee & Cold Brew
The Ninja Luxe Café Premier shines as a multi-function machine capable of brewing espresso, drip coffee, and cold brew, making it suitable for households that want variety without multiple appliances. Its barista-quality features, like a built-in grinder, assisted tamping, and automatic frothing, offer a level of control that appeals to enthusiasts but is also approachable for beginners. Compared to the Chefman Coffee Maker Espresso Machine Combo, which emphasizes station versatility, this model prioritizes all-in-one convenience and high-tech features. Its larger size and higher price may be concerns for smaller or budget-conscious kitchens. This machine is ideal for those who want a comprehensive coffee setup in a sleek, modern package.
Pros:- Versatile 3-in-1 brewing for espresso, drip, and cold brew
- Barista Assist Technology guides every step
- Built-in grinder with multiple settings for precision
Cons:- Complex setup may overwhelm some users
- Relatively large footprint
- Higher cost compared to single-function machines
Best for: Home users who desire a single, all-in-one coffee solution with advanced features and multiple brewing styles.
Not ideal for: Limited space kitchens or users seeking the simplest possible machine for quick coffee.
- Water Reservoir Capacity:70 oz
- Grinder Settings:25
- Brew Sizes:6-18 oz
- Machine Type:3-in-1 (Espresso, Drip, Cold Brew)
- Frothing System:Dual, automatic and manual
- Built-in Features:Conical burr grinder, assisted tamper, self-cleaning steam wand
Our verdict“This machine is best for users who want a versatile, feature-rich coffee station capable of handling multiple brewing styles easily.”
Chefman Coffee Maker Espresso Machine Combo, 8-in-1 Coffee Station with Automatic Milk Frother
The Chefman Coffee Maker Espresso Machine Combo offers impressive versatility, combining drip, espresso, and cold brew options in a single modern unit. Its large 3L water tank and support for various pod types appeal to households that want convenience and capacity. The automatic milk frother adds to its appeal for cappuccinos and lattes, making it a strong competitor to the Cuisinart Coffee Center Barista Bar for those prioritizing multifunctionality. However, its complex controls and size may deter users with limited space or those preferring straightforward operation. This machine suits busy households that want a comprehensive, all-in-one coffee solution without multiple devices.
Pros:- Combines drip, espresso, and cold brew brewing options
- Supports various coffee pods and ground coffee
- Large 3L water tank reduces refilling frequency
Cons:- Complex controls with learning curve
- Bulky size may not fit tight spaces
- Higher price due to multifunctionality
Best for: Large households or busy offices needing a multi-brew system that handles diverse coffee styles efficiently.
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or users seeking simple, minimal-maintenance machines focused solely on espresso.
- Water Tank Capacity:3L
- Wattage:1600 watts
- Output Pressure:20 bar
- Coffee Input Type:Capsule, Ground, Pod
- Compatible Coffee Pods:K-Cup, Nespresso Original
- Item Dimensions:11.81″D x 13.19″W x 13.98″H
Our verdict“This is an excellent choice for those who want a comprehensive, all-in-one coffee station capable of satisfying a variety of tastes with one appliance.”
CHULUX Slim Espresso Machine with Milk Frother for Home Use
This model stands out for its ultra-compact design, making it ideal for small kitchens or office spaces where space is tight. Its 20-bar Italian pump delivers rich espresso, comparable to larger, more expensive machines like the Breville BES870XL, but with less advanced temperature control. The quick 30-second preheating means you can make drinks faster, though the lack of precise temperature settings might affect consistency for more demanding users. The included steam wand adds versatility for milk-based drinks, yet the small water tank (40 oz) can require frequent refilling during busy mornings. Auto shut-off enhances safety but might interrupt longer brewing sessions. Overall, this pick is perfect for home users who prioritize space-efficiency and simple operation over advanced features.
Pros:- Compact and space-saving design
- Fast preheating and easy to operate
- Includes milk frother for versatile drinks
- Real-time pressure gauge for better extraction
Cons:- Limited water tank capacity may require frequent refilling
- No detailed temperature control options
- Auto shut-off might interrupt longer brewing sessions
Best for: Small apartment dwellers or office users who want quick, quality espresso without clutter.
Not ideal for: Serious coffee enthusiasts or those who prefer precise temperature adjustments and larger water capacity.
- Pump Pressure:20 bar
- Power:1350 watts
- Preheating Time:30 seconds
- Water Tank Capacity:40 oz
- Width:5.5 inches
- Auto Shut-off:25 minutes
Our verdict“This machine suits users seeking quick, quality espresso in limited space, sacrificing advanced temperature controls.”
De’Longhi All-in-One Espresso & Coffee Maker, 10-Cup Pot, Milk Frother
This machine makes a compelling case for those who want a single device to handle espresso, drip coffee, and milk drinks, setting it apart from single-focus options like the Aromaster. Its dual heating system allows simultaneous brewing, saving time during busy mornings, but the complexity of features may be daunting for beginners. The large 47 oz reservoir is suited for entertaining or families, unlike smaller machines such as the Aromaster, which is more compact but less versatile. The digital touchscreen simplifies customization, yet the absence of detailed specifications makes it harder to gauge its durability or maintenance needs. If you value convenience and variety, this model provides a comprehensive solution, though it comes with a steeper learning curve and higher price point.
Pros:- Brews coffee and espresso simultaneously
- User-friendly digital touchscreen with customizable settings
- Includes milk frother for lattes and cappuccinos
- Large water reservoir for frequent use
Cons:- No specific dimensions or weight provided
- Complex features may require learning curve
- Price not specified
Best for: Coffee lovers who want a multi-function machine capable of handling espresso, drip, and milk drinks with ease.
Not ideal for: Users seeking a simple, budget-friendly espresso only machine or those with limited counter space.
- Water Reservoir Capacity:47 oz
- Pressure Pump:15 bar
- Includes:Glass coffee pot, various filter baskets
- Features:Dual heating, digital touchscreen, milk frother
- Filter Type:Gold-tone permanent filter
- Dimensions:Not specified
Our verdict“Ideal for households wanting a flexible, all-in-one coffee maker that handles multiple drinks effortlessly.”
AMZCHEF Espresso Machine with Grinder, Temp Control, 44 Grind Settings
This machine excels for users who want detailed control over their brewing process, surpassing simpler models like the Aromaster. Its 44 grind settings and precise temperature control from 190℉ to 201℉ enable tailored drinks, whether espresso, pour-over, or cold brew. The built-in grinder adds convenience but requires some familiarity with grind sizes for optimal results. Its larger size and 1500-watt power draw may not suit small kitchens or energy-conscious users, unlike more compact options like the CHULUX. While the touch screen simplifies operation, semi-automatic controls demand a certain skill level, making it less ideal for absolute beginners. This pick makes the most sense for passionate coffee enthusiasts who prioritize customization and quality over simplicity.
Pros:- Precise temperature control for optimal extraction
- 44 grind settings for diverse brewing styles
- Built-in grinder and milk frother for convenience
- Touch screen interface simplifies operation
Cons:- Relatively large size may not fit small kitchens
- Semi-automatic operation requires user skill
- Higher power consumption
Best for: Home baristas seeking a highly customizable machine with built-in grinding and temperature precision.
Not ideal for: Casual drinkers or those with limited kitchen space and minimal coffee brewing experience.
- Coffee Maker Type:Espresso Machine
- Operation Mode:Semi-Automatic
- Wattage:1500 watts
- Capacity:3.9 pounds
- Dimensions:12.5″D x 10.82″W x 13.38″H
- Item Weight:13.9 pounds
Our verdict“Best suited for serious home coffee enthusiasts who want control and versatility in one device.”
Ninja Espresso & Coffee Maker, Nespresso Capsule Compatible, Black, CFN601
This model appeals to users who want quick, variety-rich coffee options using capsules, with a focus on convenience. Its 19-bar pressure system produces quality espresso comparable to higher-end machines, but relies on Nespresso-compatible capsules, which can add recurring costs, unlike the built-in grinder of the Aromaster or the dual system of the De’Longhi. The built-in frother supports milk drinks, and adjustable brew sizes offer flexibility for single or multiple servings, yet the capsule capacity is limited at 20, which might be restrictive for frequent users. The included accessories and features like delay brew and keep warm enhance usability, but the ongoing capsule expense and limited capacity make it less suited for daily large-volume use. This machine makes sense for those who prioritize speed and capsule convenience over long-term cost and volume.
Pros:- Brews a variety of espresso and coffee drinks
- Built-in frother for milk-based beverages
- Adjustable brew sizes
- Includes useful features like delay brew and keep warm
Cons:- Capsules are sold separately
- Limited capsule capacity (20 capsules)
- Restricted to Nespresso-compatible capsules
Best for: Individuals who want quick, capsule-based espresso and coffee drinks with minimal cleanup.
Not ideal for: Serious coffee aficionados or households that prefer ground coffee and larger batch brewing.
- Pressure System:19-bar
- Brew Sizes:Espresso, Lungo, Iced, up to 12-cup
- Capsule Capacity:20 capsules
- Included Accessories:Water reservoir, capsule bin, warming plate
- Features:Delay brew, keep warm
- Capsule Type:Nespresso-compatible
Our verdict“Great for users seeking quick, capsule-based coffee with the convenience of built-in features for daily use.”
Aromaster 1400W Espresso Machine with Milk Frother, Stainless Steel
This machine provides a straightforward approach to home espresso with quick heat-up and a sleek stainless steel finish, making it suitable for those who want style and function without high cost. Its 20-bar pump ensures good pressure for extracting rich espresso, similar to pricier machines like the Breville BES870XL, but it lacks advanced features like PID temperature control or a built-in grinder. The small 2.4-ounce water capacity means frequent refilling, which could be inconvenient for larger households or frequent use. The semi-automatic operation requires some user skill, especially for milk frothing, but the swivel steam wand makes microfoam creation manageable. This model appeals to those seeking a balance of decent performance and affordability, with the understanding that it offers fewer control options and capacity.
Pros:- Fast heating system for quick prep
- Easy milk frothing with swivel steam wand
- Sleek stainless steel design
- Decent pressure for rich espresso
Cons:- Limited water capacity (2.4 oz), requiring frequent refilling
- No built-in grinder, beans must be pre-ground
- Semi-automatic operation may challenge beginners
Best for: Budget-conscious beginners or small households wanting stylish, entry-level espresso capability.
Not ideal for: Coffee enthusiasts seeking precise temperature control or high-volume brewing.
- Power:1400W
- Capacity:2.4 ounces
- Dimensions:13″D x 7″W x 14″H
- Pressure Pump:20-Bar
- Features:Pre-Infusion, PID Temp Control, Fast Heat-Up
- Auto Shut-Off:Yes
Our verdict“A practical choice for budget-minded users who want a stylish, basic espresso machine with milk frothing capability.”
How We Picked
Our evaluation focused on key criteria that matter most to buyers: brewing performance, ease of use, build quality, maintenance, and value for money. We compared each machine’s ability to produce quality espresso and coffee, considering the level of user control and automation. Durability and ease of cleaning also played vital roles, as these impact long-term satisfaction. The ranking balances these factors, highlighting options suited for different budgets and skill levels, from entry-level to premium.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Espresso And Coffee Machine
Choosing the right espresso and coffee machine involves understanding several important factors. Not all machines are created equal—some excel at espresso, others at versatility or convenience. By considering these key points, you can avoid common pitfalls like overpaying for features you won’t use or selecting a machine that doesn’t match your skill level. Here are the main factors to keep in mind before making a purchase.
Brewing Quality and Consistency
High-quality espresso depends on precise temperature control and pressure. Machines with commercial-grade pumps and thermostats tend to deliver more consistent results. Cheaper models may produce uneven extraction, leading to bitter or weak coffee. If you prefer espresso or specialty drinks, prioritize machines with good temperature stability and pressure control. Keep in mind that more advanced features often mean higher costs but can significantly improve your brewing experience.
Ease of Use and Automation
Deciding between manual, semi-automatic, and fully automatic machines hinges on your comfort level and how much effort you want to invest. Manual machines offer more control but require skill, while automatic models simplify the process with presets and one-touch operation. For beginners, machines with intuitive controls and clear instructions can reduce frustration. Conversely, seasoned users may prefer manual or semi-automatic options for customization.
Maintenance and Durability
Look for machines with accessible parts for cleaning and descaling, as maintenance impacts longevity and performance. Stainless steel components tend to resist corrosion better than plastics. Consider models with built-in cleaning cycles or removable parts for easy upkeep. Investing in a durable build can save money over time, especially if you plan to use the machine daily.
Size and Kitchen Compatibility
Espresso and coffee machines come in various sizes, from compact units to larger, multi-functional machines. Measure your available counter space before purchasing. Compact models are suitable for small kitchens or apartments but may sacrifice some features or capacity. Larger machines often include additional features like grinders or multiple boilers, which can enhance functionality but require more space and maintenance.
Price and Value
Higher prices generally correlate with better build quality, more features, and consistent results. However, it’s essential to match your budget with your needs. Entry-level machines can produce decent espresso but may lack durability or customization. Conversely, premium models offer advanced controls and durability but might be unnecessary for casual users. Aim for a balance that aligns with your skill level, usage frequency, and desired coffee quality.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I make professional-quality espresso at home?
Yes, with the right machine and some practice, you can produce espresso comparable to coffee shop quality. Machines with good pressure control, temperature stability, and a quality burr grinder make a significant difference. However, achieving professional results also depends on technique, including tamping and grind size. Investing in a semi-automatic or manual machine paired with quality beans can elevate your home brewing to a professional level.
Is an all-in-one coffee machine worth it for someone who drinks mostly espresso?
It depends on your preferences. All-in-one machines offer versatility, allowing you to brew espresso, drip coffee, and cold brew, which can be convenient if you enjoy different styles. However, these machines sometimes compromise on espresso quality compared to dedicated espresso machines. If espresso is your main focus, a specialized espresso machine may yield better, more consistent results, but an all-in-one can save space and add versatility for varied tastes.
How important is a built-in grinder in an espresso machine?
A built-in grinder provides maximum freshness since you grind beans just before brewing, which can significantly improve flavor. It also simplifies the process by reducing the need for external equipment. However, built-in grinders can add to maintenance complexity and cost. If you value convenience and fresh grounds, a machine with a quality grinder is a smart choice, but if you already own a good grinder, a machine without one might save you money.
Are more expensive machines really worth the investment?
Higher-priced machines typically offer better durability, more precise control, and consistent results. They are often built with higher-quality materials and feature advanced brewing technology. However, if you only brew occasionally or are just starting out, a mid-range or budget model may suffice. Consider your brewing habits and how much you’re willing to invest in features like thermal stability, customization, and longevity.
What is the best type of machine for a beginner?
For beginners, machines that combine ease of use with decent control are ideal. Semi-automatic or fully automatic models with preset options and straightforward interfaces reduce the learning curve. Look for machines with clear instructions, simple maintenance, and reliable performance. Starting with a user-friendly machine allows you to develop your skills without frustration, making the process enjoyable as you learn to craft better espresso.
Conclusion
Whether you prioritize overall performance, budget, or ease of use, there’s an ideal espresso and coffee machine for your needs. The Breville BES870XL stands out as the best overall choice for serious home baristas, offering excellent control and durability. The Ninja Luxe Café provides exceptional versatility for those who want a multi-purpose machine. Budget-conscious buyers should consider the CHULUX for decent espresso without breaking the bank. For beginners, straightforward, easy-to-operate models ensure a smooth start. If you value premium features and long-term investment, exploring higher-end options makes sense. Use your priorities to pick the machine that best fits your coffee journey in 2026.
NFL season / tailgating Picks
team gear
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
